He aha ngā vantex e whai ana ngā tinta tuanui ko te wai i te tiaki taiao?

Te Whakaiti i ngā Karungatanga Takitahi Takitahi (VOCs) i ngā Tono Inka Pātea Wai

Me pēhea te whakakore a Waterbased Ink i ngā putanga VOC ki ngā tikanga mātai

Ko te huri ki ngā tinta papaa wai e kore e uaua atu mō ērā putanga kino o VOC nā te whakakapi i ā rātou paraihe parahaki katoa ki te wai tawhito H2O hei matū matua. Hei anō hoki ngā tauira – e ai ki ngā rangahau mai i te tāraiwa, ko ēnei kōwhiringa papaa wai ka whakaiti i ērā huinga takirua haraia e te 72 ki te tata ki te 90 ōrau ina mātai ki ngā kōwhiringa paraihe arataki. Ko te mea nui ake he aha? Hei aha pea tēnā i te aukati i ngā urupare ozone i te tuatahi. Ka iti noa ngā take pūmahara mo te kounga o te rangi, ā, ina particular ki roto i ngā whare mātai i reira i hiahiatia ngā taputapu whakairi utauta kia haumaru ngā kaimahi i te pānga pūtirotiro kimihia i ngā huringa roa.

Whāinga o ngā Taumata VOC: Tinta Papaa Wai vs. Tinta Paraihe

Whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau tūmatanui kua pūhia e ngā inka pātari-kiko te 380–540 grama o ngā VOCs ia manokaramu, i te wa e 35–90 grama anō te pūhia e ngā inka paraihe. Ko tēnei hekenga 75–90% e whai pānga ana ki ngā aronga herehere mō te hanga aitua, ā, ka toruhia ake i te huringa: he iti ake te pūhia i te wā o te rokiroki me te kawekawe, ka pai ake te mahi taiao i te ao o te hua.

Te Pānga o te Iti ake o ngā Pūhia VOCs ki te Kounga o te Hau i ngā Tāone

I ngā tāone e nui ana ngā pirini, kua kitea he pai ake te kounga o te hau mai i te nuinga o ngā toihana e huri ana ki ngā inka paraihe. Tirohia te Takiwā o Los Angeles, i kitea ai ko te rahi o te ozōni i heke iho ai pea 6.2 ōrau mai i te tau 2020 ki te 2023, tērā pea i te wā i huri ai te pēnei o te whā o ngā toihana pirini ki ēnei inka paraihe mō te pirini paparua. E whakaatu ana tēnei mea he pai tonu: ko ngā panonitanga iti nei i ngā mea ka whakamahia e ngā umanga i ia rā e āwhina ana i te whiwhinga i ngā whāinga matua e whakaratoha ana te Ture Clean Air Act mō te motu katoa.

Te Arataki me te Hurihanga o te Ahumāra ki ngā Rautaki Iti i te VOC

I whakaaetia e te EPA i te 2022 te here i te nui o te VOC ki te ≤90 g/L, nā reira kāore i tika ai 68% o ngā tinta pātahi mō te whakamahi tūmatanui. I āwhina tēnei arataki i te huringa ā-ahumāra, ā, i tono ai ki ngā kaihanga matua kia huri i ngā rārangi whakaputa i roto i ngā marama 18 kia tika ai ki ngā here ture me te hiahia ake a te kaiwhakamahi mō ngā rautaki pakonga waimārie.

Te Māmātia Maroke me te Iti ake i te Whakawekenga Taiao

Te prosesa māmāti a-natira o ngā waehanga tinta horohoro i ngā punaga taiao

Ka māmātia ngā waehanga tinta horohoro—inā ko ngā pigment e puta mai ana i te tipu me ngā harapeke e tanuana ana ki te wai—pūmau mā te mahi a ngā karaihe, ka pakaru anuanu i roto i ngā marama 3–6. Ka huri ake ēnei matēria ki ngā tikanga organik e kore e hāpai porokī e ngā inihini hauropi, i whakapumautia hoki e ngā rangahau i runga i ngā taiao moana me te whenua, e kitea ana he rerekē tino ki ngā tinta parahi e pakaru ana i ngā tau tekau.

Kua iti ake ngā mōrearea o te oneone me te wai mai i te whakaputanga inka

Kaua he herenga matū mamao, kaua he phthalates, ko ngā inka pātata ki te wai e iti ake ana i te 80% ngā mōrearea ki te taiao i te wā o te whakaputanga. Kua eke ngā wheanganga whakapai wai ā-rohe ki te 92% kia tāwhai ai ngā karu inka pātata ki te wai, i te nuinga o te 45% mō ngā inka tikanga, ka nui ake te itinga ki te rere o ngā kaihangaara me te kirikiri wai.

Tuhinga keuranga: pakitara huaokotia i printia ki ngā inka wai māmā

I whakaatu tētahi whakamātau 2024 ko ngā pakitara kai i printia ki ngā inka wai māmā kua purea katoa ia 45 ra i raro i ngā paerewa ASTM D6400. I te tuarangi, kāore i ū ngā pakitara e whakamahi ana i ngā inka paraihe ki ngā paerewa huaokotia nā ngā tohatoha kimikimeka, e whakaatu nei ko te kōwhiringa inka e hāpai ana i te horopaki takitahi ki ngā tauānga pakitara whaihua.

Ngā Huihuinga Kāore He Tino Māmā E Hāpai Ana i te Haumaru Mahi Me te Kaipākihi

Te wehe atu i ngā paraihe kino o roto i te inka pātata ki te wai e hāpai ana i te haumaru mahi

Ko te whakakapi i ngā paraihe pūngāwerewere pērā i ngā kōrore ekehi rānei te toluene ki ngā kaitūtohu waimā, ka wehe 83% o ngā raru tūranga mahi ki ngā whare pepehi, ā, e ai ki te Kaupapa Whakapakari Oranga Mahi 2023. Ko ngā toihau e huri ana ki ngā tinta waimā e heke i te 40–60% ngā mate kupuwha, e whakaatu ana i ngā whakapai ake nui ki te hauora o ngā kaimahi.

Te Iti ake i te Pūngāweretanga me ngā Raru Oranga mō ngā Kaimāpihi me ngā Kaiwhakamahi

Ko te kore o ngā VOC i roto i ngā tinta waimā e hāngai ana ki ngā heke nui i ngā mate roa:

• 72% iti ake te putanga mate araihia mahi
• 91% te heke i ngā keehu pakanga kiri
• 65% te heke i te noho ki ngā tikanga pūngāwetanga poukaha

Kāwai ake ēnei huanga ki ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga, ina nui ake ki ngā taputapu kai me ngā hua mō ngā tamariki, kewherea ko ngā takotoranga iti-pūngāwetanga ka iti ake te raru mō te kaiwhakamahi.

Whakakākahu Haumaru ake me te Iti i te Waihanga Paraihe Tūpāpaku

Ko ngā tinta huinga wai e hua ana i te pāmu mōrearea raru, ā, ka taea te whakaputanga ki ngā punaha takiwā kore arataki mō te whakaritenga motuhake. Ko ngā ārotake whare haumaru e whakaatu ana i te 87% itinga i te rahi o ngā pāmu raru mōrearea mō ngā mahi huinga parahi, me te mātotorotia katoa e 90 ngā rā i raro i ngā tikanga turanga whenua whānui.

Te Māhi Tika i te Hiko me te Iti i ngā Whakaputanga Karbona

Ko ngā Teperetura Iti ake o ngā Tinta Huinga Wai e Iti ai i te Māhi Hiko

Mei te 120 ki te 150 niuta kelvin ka hiahiatia e ngā tinta pātui wai kia rere, he nui ake i te 200 ki te 250 niuta kelvin e hiahiatia ana mō ērā atu kōpae pātui tuarangi kei reira. Arānei, ka taea e ngā whare hanga te whakaiti i ō rātou whakamahinga hiko i somewhere between 30 ki te 50 ōrau. Whakaarohia anō, ko ngā umu maroke e noho ana i te 35 ōrau o te hiko katoa e whakamahia ana i ngā mahi tapa, nō reira ka tīmata haere mai ngā momo whai hua nei i te wā roa. E ai ki ngā rangahau i tāwhirihia tau kua pāhua e Frontier Environmental Science, ina titirohia te ahumāra katoa, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā here hiko tauwaru umanga ki te 18 ōrau mēnā ka huri ki ngā tinta pātui wai. Ko te mea nui, ko te mea nui, he pērā anō ki te pupūki i te 4.7 miriona taniwa karapoti dioksida i te taumatau ia tau.

Te Tāwhai ki te Whakaiti i te Tārai Parakore i ngā Mahi Hanga Tapa

Ina hohonu ngā matēria kia mahi ki ngā wera iti ake, e whai ana ngā hua o te taiao. Ka kitea mātau i te iti ake o te whakamahi i te mira hauauru me te hiko, he iti ake ngā herekenga ki ngā pūnaha hōpara hau kia tino tū tonu ai ngā wera, me te mutunga, he iti ake ngā whatukuhanga e hāngia mai ana i te hikohiko hōpara. Kua kite ngā kamupene tapaoti o te Rōpu Whakaminenga o Eropi i ēnei hua. E ai ki ngā ripōtini hokohoko hou, ko te toru haurua o ngā kaimataara EU i huri ki ngā tioata mā wai engari i ō rātou whanonga whānui ake kia iti ake te toharawa karbon tīmatia mai i te tau 2022. E hāngai pono ana tēnei ki ngā whāinga a te Kī Paniora mō te āhuarangi, ā, ko te pae tūmataiti kia iti ake i te 1.5 niuhi Celsius te pikinga o te tuarangi i ngā wā i mua i te ahumahi.

Te Hononga I Waenganui I Te Whakamahi Tioata Mā Wai Me Te Iti Ake o Te Hiahia Ki Ngā Rāwekenga Kararehe

Ko ia 1% panoni o te mātāpona ki ngā tioata pāpaku wai e whakakī atu ana i te karatia 290,000 o te hinu i ia tau mā te whakaiti i te kaha hiko kei te tuhinga. Kei te āwhina tēnei iti ake here ki ngā hiko parirau hoki i ngā hurihanga whānui ake ki ngā rāwekenga hiko hou.

Te Paradox Ahumahi: Te Kaha Tūhua Whakamaroke i te Tāpiri ki ngā Kaute Karita Tinihanga

Ahakoa kei te hiahiatia e ngā tioata pāpaku wai 15–20% te wā roa ake hei whakamaroke, kei te 41% ake iho tonu te kapa karita i ia mahi mā te painga katoa i te maroke:

Kei te whakamārama tēnei taurite i te 78% o ngā kaituhi e eke ana ki ngā painga o te utu hiko nete i roto i ngā 18 marama i muri i te huri, ahakoa ngā tautohe tuatahi ki ngā tikanga whakamaroke.

Whaihua Nui ake i te Whakamahinga anō o ngā Tukutuku Tāpihi mā te Whakamahi Irahera Pēpi i te Wai

Me pēhea te Whaihua a ngā Irahera Pēpi i te Wai ki te Whakamahinga anō i te Peperu me te Kātene

Ka whakamāma ngā irahera pēpi i te wai i te whakamahinga anō i te pepa nā te mea ka wātea i aua kīmika herehere hāpai e mau ana i ngā mahi tāpiri. Ko te take? Kaore ēnei irahera e herea māmā ki ngā miro cellulose kei roto i te pepa. E ai ki Recycling Today i te tau ki muri, arā pea ka pāmu te horoi papurangi e 20 ōrau tere ake. Ka rere ke te horoi tere ake ki ngā miro whakamahia anō kounga teitei e hua ai ngā hua pērā i ngā taputapu pakete me ngā hua tāpihi. Anō hoki, he uara atu tētahi e kōrero ana kia iti ake ngā irahera pēpi i te wai kaore he PVC, kaore he phthalates nō reira kaore e waiho he rama rama paku paku ina whakamahia anō te pepa i te wā katoa. Ka āwhina tēnei kia noho ma, kia noho pūmau ai ō mātou awa pepa whakamahia anō, he mea nui tēnei ināianei kia iti ai te parae i ngā umanga katoa.

Te Iti iho i te Whai Momo Arai i te Wai me ngā Raru Runoff i te Wā o te Whakamahi anō

Kua warewarengia ngā raihana e pā ana ki te wai i te wā o te pūpahi, ka iti ake ngā tohatoha pāmamae ki te wai paru. Mā te whakarerekenga i ngā inka e horo ana ki te wai, ka iti ake ngā tūponotanga o ngā matū kehekehe e rere ana ki te 34% (EcoPrint Institute, 2022). Ko ngā whakapākehātanga e hea ana mō ngā utu mātai wai e 50% iti ake, me te hoki anō i te 90% o te wai mahi e ai ki ngā punaha kaukau e hāpai ana i te whai māia.