He aha ngā inki gravure e whakamātau ana i te whero mā roa?

He aha ngā take o te whakamātautau o ngā inki tāwhai kōrero: Ngā Kōhinga Matua o ngā Hākari Kimikā me ngā Hākari Taiao

Te Pakaru Oritetia o ngā Rēsini Ketone me te Whananga o ngā Chromophore

Ko te raru o te wheroheke i ngā inki gravure i tēnei wā he whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga o ngā rēsini ketone i pakaru mai i te whakamāngō. He rēsini nui ngā rēsini nei, nā reira i tūhono pai ki ngā whāriki, i whakamātua te wheroheke, me te whakamātua i te kounga o ngā whakaprint. Engari ko tēnei te take: inā mātua ngā rēsini nei i te hau mātua i te wā o te pāpātanga, i te wā hoki o te whakamāhi, ka rere mai te ‘chain scission’. Ka hanga i ngā pāiringa takirua kua whakawhitinga, i ngā rōpū carbonyl (C=O) hoki, ā, he rāhui āhua o ngā rāhui nei. Ko ngā whakamārama e whai mai ana, ko ngā whakamārama hou nei ka tīmata te whakamāhi i te āhua o te wheroheke i te wāhi kōwhai-kikorangi o te tātai āhua i te 400 ki te 450 nanomete, ā, he rāhui o ngā whakamārama nei kia wheroheke ake i ngā whakamārama i whakamāhi ai. He rēsini āhua kē ngā rēsini e rere mai ana i ngā pāiringa kāore i whakamātua, pērā i ēnei āhua o ngā whakamāhi o te polyethylene iti te kaha, ā, he rāhui o ngā whakamārama nei kia wheroheke ake i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wāhi e rere mai ana i ngā wā...... He rāhui o ngā kaiwhakamāhi ākina i tēnei raru i te wā, īnā ko ngā kaiwhakamāhi ākina i ngā kōpae pakeke.

Te Whakamātautau i te Rā Mātātoko, te Hūrīhanga, me te Hūrīhanga: Ngā Kaha Tāwhai i te Whakamātautau i te Wāhi ōrite

Kāore te ao tāngata i te whakamātautau i ngā wāhi e rere ana i ngā āhuatanga taiao i ngā wāhi rerekē. I tēnei wā, inā mātua tātou i ngā kōrero mō ngā kōpae i whakamātautaua i waho, ko ngā rā mātātoko, te hūrīhanga, me ngā wāhi hūrīhanga e toru nei e whakamātautau ana i te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau i ngā whakamātautau o ngā whakamātautau. Ka tātari tātou i tēnei: Ko ngā rā mātātoko e whakamātautau ana i ngā tātai me ngā whakamātautau o ngā whakamātautau. Ka pākeke ake ngā whakamātautau i te 30° C, nā te nui ake o ngā molekūl me te whakamātautau ake o ngā whakamātautau. Mo ia 10° te whakamātautau o te hūrīhanga, ka rua ngā whakamātautau o ngā whakamātautau. Ka whai hoki te hūrīhanga. I te 60% o te hūrīhanga o te hau, he whakamātautau ake i ngā tātai o ngā whakamātautau, he whakamātautau ake i ngā rēsini, ā, he whakamātautau ake i te uru o te hau. Ko tēnei tātaranga he whakamātautau i te whakamātautau o ngā kaha tāwhai e toru nei me ngā whakamātautau o ngā whakamātautau i te whakamātautau i te wā.

Ko tēnei whakamātātutanga e whakaatu ana i te take i tēnei te wheroheke he iti ake i ngā taiao tropikāli, i ngā wharepūkenga rānei, i reira ngā āhuatanga e toru nei e uru mai ana – āhuatanga e piki ana i ngā rautaki hāpai o te ao.

Ngā rautaki whakamātautau hei whakamātau i te wheroheke i ngā inki gravure

Ngā rārangi whakamātātutanga: Ngā kaitohutohu UV me ngā kaitohutohu mātātutanga ā-hauā (HALS)

Kia tīmata ai te whakamārama pai, me whakamahi i ngā taupua tika. Ko ngā kaitātai UV he rākau e mau ana i ngā rā UV māhara i raro i te roa o te tātai 380 nm, ā, e hurihuri ana i aua rā ki te hōhi, kāore i te whakaaetanga kia wāhi ngā hononga ki te whāriki o te tinta. Whakauru ngā taupua nei i ngā kaitātai āhua pāngā (HALS) e rapu ana i ngā rākau korewhenua, ā, e whakamātau ana i aua rā i tēnei wā, ā, ka tūhono mai ngā whakamārama i ngā āhua rerekē e rua. Ko ngā whakamātau i te ao hāngai hoki he mea whakamārama tonu. I runga i ngā whakamātau o ASTM G154, i reira ngā tauira e whakamātau ana i ngā āhua e rite ana ki ngā āhua o te wā 18 marama i waho, ko ngā whakamātau pai rawa o ngā UVA me ngā HALS i whakamātau ai i te whakamārama o te whero (i te wā e tātai ana te Δb* i te 3.0, pea, i te iti ake) i waenganui i te 70% ki te 80%. Arā, ko ngā hua e noho tonu ana i tēnei āhua hou ake i te wā roa, ā, kei te whakamārama tonu i ōna whakamārama, ā, kei te whakamārama tonu i tana whakamārama i ngā whakamārama o te whakamārama.

Te whakamārama o te kōpae: Ngā rākau pūmau teitei, te rere o ngā hononga, me ngā whakamātau o ngā rākau ketonic

Ko te ara i whakamahinga ai ngā kōpae he wāhanga nui i te āhua o ngā tae i tū i te wā. Ko ngā akarīkī me ngā poliūrētānā āwhina (aliphatic polyurethanes) me ngā paku mātua o te mātua (heke i te 50,000 Da) e tū ana i te pai ake i ngā kōpae iti ake i te whānuitanga o te whakamātau ki te whakamātau. I te wā e pānui ana ngā kaiwhakamahi i te kaha o ngā whakawhitinga (crosslink density) trī-fūnāne (tri-functional) pērā i te trimethylolpropane triacrylate, kei te hanga i ngā rākau āwhina (barriers) hei whakamāmā i te nekehanga o te hauā (oxygen) me te whakamāmā i te hāngā o ngā molekūl e whakaputa ana i ngā tae i roto i te whakamātautau. He rerekē tonu te hāngā mai i te whakamātua i ngā rēsini ketone (ketonic resins) mō ngā whakamātua kāore he ketone, pērā i ngā epoksi cycloaliphatic, i ngā ester rosin hydrogenated. Ko tēnei whakamātua i te whakamātua anō i te hāngā o ngā tae rerekē i te tīmatanga anō. Ko ngā ripoata o te ao pāpāho e whakaatu ana ko ngā kamupani e whakamahi ana i ēnei whakamātua hōu, e tātari ana i ngā rerekē o te kōwhai (yellowing) i te toru ki te rima tau, ā, he mārama tonu i ngā wāhi hūhū (humid environments) i reira ka rere mai ngā kōpae tāwhai (older binder systems) i te wā hūhū.

Ngā Whakamātautau Mātua mō te Whiriwhiri i ngā Kōpae mō ngā Inki Tā Tāwhai Kāore i te Whero

Ngā Kōpae Ā-ao (TiO₂, ngā Oksīti o te Iarona): Te Whakamātau, te Whakamātautau, me te Whakamāhi

Ko ngā pīhanga inorganic, pērā i te rutile titanium dioxide (TiO₂) me ngā iron oxide āwhina hou, e whakamātautau ana i tō rātou whakamātau mātua ki te pakaru o te whakaahua me te pākūnga o te hōhi. I raro i ngā pīhanga organic, ko ēnei minirāli he whakamātau pū, he rerekē ngā whakamātau o ngā pīhanga crystal, kāore he pīhanga pi e whakamātau ana, kāore hoki ngā rākau aromatic e pakaru ana i raro i te mārama UV. Nō reira ka whakamātau ai i ngā panonikinga o te tae mai i te mārama o te rā, ā, kāore e whitawhita i te wā. Ko te titanium dioxide e whakamātau ana i te whakamātau o ngā whakamātau kia mātāwari, kia kaha hoki, ā, he whakamātau hoki i ngā rā o te UV e whakamātau ana i ngā whakamātau o rātou. Ko ngā pīhanga iron oxide e whakamātau ana i ngā hōhi i te 180° Celsius, nō reira he pai rawa ngā whakamātau hei whakamātau mō ngā mahi whakamātau, me ngā mahi whakamātau hoki. Ahakoa ko ngā pīhanga nei he rahi ake i ngā pīhanga organic, ā, āhua rahi ake i ngā whakamātau o ngā inki gravure iti, ko ngā whakamātau o ngā surfactant o tēnei wā e whakamātau ana i te whakamātau o ngā whakamātau katoa. Ko ngā whakamātau o tēnei wā e whakamātau ana i ngā whakamātau o ngā whakamātau kore-wāhi hoki, nō reira kāore he whakamātau i te whakamātau o ngā whakamātau, ā, he māmā ngā whakamātau i te whakamātau o te whakamātau.

Ngā Kōkōrākau Ōra: Ngā Whakamāngō i te Kaha o te Tae, te Whakamārama, me te Tūmatau o ngā Tae i te Wā Roa

Ko ngā kōkōrāwhiti ōrahi he pai ake i te kaha o te tae, te whakamārama, me te whakamārama, ā, nō reira he pai rawa ānei mō ngā mahi taupua hou. Engari he raru hoki tēnei. Ko ngā kōkōrāwhiti nei e rere ana i te rahi o te molekūli i runga i ō rātou whakamārama kātahi ka rere, ā, nō reira he māmā te pakaru i ngā wā e whakamātauria ana ki te āhua, ki te wai, rānei. I te wā e whakamātauria ana ki ngā rākau UV, ka timata ngā molekūli o ngā kōkōrāwhiti te pakaru, te whakarerekē, ā, ka hanga i ngā whakamārama kākāriki i ngā whakamārama o ngā rākau. Ahakoa tā mātou whakamātua i ngā kaiwhakamātua HALS, ko ngā kōkōrāwhiti ōrahi nei e whakamāhinga ana i ngā kōkōrāwhiti ā-hāngā, e whakamāhinga ana i te whakamāhinga o te whakamāhinga o te tae i te rā, ā, e 30 ki te 40% te iti ake o te whakamāhinga. I tēnei anō, he raru hoki ngā whakamātauranga o te hukapapa, ā, he raru hoki i ngā pūnaha whakamātautau wai. Me kī hoki, he raru hoki ngā whakamātauranga o te whakamātātari. He nui ngā kōkōrāwhiti e rerekē ana i te whakamātātari i ngā rākau ā-whakamātātari e whakamātātari ana i ngā rākau ā-pū, ā, he raru hoki i te whakamātātari o te kōpae i te wā.

Ko te whakatau he whāinga o ngā hiahia mō te wā o te whakamātautau: inā he nui ake te hiahia ki te tāwhai o te āhua i te tāwhai tuatahi—ā, ākene i ngā whakamātautau mō ngā kai, ngā rongoā, i ngā whakamātautau mō te whakangāhau—ka whakamātau ngā tāwhai mātua i ngā tāwhai mātua i tāwhai i ngā kōhanga kētōne.

FAQ

He aha ngā take o te whero-whero o te inki gravure?

Ko te whero-whero o te inki gravure he whāinga ake o te pakaru o ngā rēsini kētōne i te hauā, o te whakaahu UV, o ngā hōhā pūmau, me ngā hūmara, e whakamāngai ana i ngā whakarewa kimikā e huringa ana i te tae o te inki.

Me pēhea te whakawātea i te whero-whero o ngā inki gravure?

Ko te whakarere i te wheroheke i te kōkōrangi he whakamāhi i ngā whakamātua pēnei i ngā kaiwhakamātua UV me ngā kaiwhakamātua āhua tāwhai (HALS), te whakamāhi i ngā whakamātua o ngā rēsini o te roa o te mōhio, me te whirihora i ngā momo kōkōrangi e tūpākihi ana i te pakaru, pērā i ngā kōkōrangi ā-hāngā.

He pai ake ngā kōkōrangi ā-hāngā, he rākau, hei whakamāhi hei kōkōrangi kāore i te wheroheke?

Ko ngā kōkōrangi ā-hāngā te pai ake mō te whakamāhi hei kōkōrangi kāore i te wheroheke i runga i tā rātou tūpākihi i te whakaahua UV me te hīkawea, i te wā i ngā kōkōrangi ā-rākau e tuku ana i te kaha o te tae, engari he māmā ake ngā kōkōrangi ā-rākau ki te whakamāhinga me te wheroheke i te wā.

He whānui ake pea ngā hāngā taiao i te wheroheke o ngā inki gravure?

Āe, ko ngā hāngā taiao pērā i ngā whakaahua UV, te hīkawea, me te whakamāhinga o te wai e whānui ake ai te wheroheke mā te whakamāhi i ngā whakarewa oksihā, me ngā pakaru o ngā hononga kimikā i roto i ngā inki.